Structure and main function of human ear

The human ears are located in the temporal area on both sides of the head. Its main function depends on two important organs: one is the cochlea, which receives the incoming sound from the outside world, and the auditory nerve connected with it (also known as cochlear nerve); the other is the organ that helps the body maintain balance, the vestibule and semicircular canal, which are connected with the vestibule nerve. The sensory information is transmitted to the auditory nerve center and vestibular nerve center of the brain. This series of devices. Therefore, the nerve that completes the function of the ear is also called the position (sense) auditory (sense) nervous system.

The hearing organ is a very sensitive microphone. It can not only feel the sound, but also make a specific analysis of the sound signal, such as: the direction of the sound source, the size of the sound intensity, the quality of the sound, the frequency and so on. For example, an experienced train patrol worker can judge whether the machine is in normal operation and where the fault is by the sound produced when the train is running and the sound produced after the metal is knocked. In addition, in daily social activities, human beings need to communicate with each other, exchange ideas and live together through the voice of language. Let alone enjoy music and the sounds of nature.

The production process of auditory function is very complex. The following is a brief introduction. First of all, the auricle collects and transmits the external sound to the external auditory canal, and the slightly curved external auditory canal continuously transmits the sound wave to the deep tympanic membrane. The sound wave of different intensity and frequency causes the tympanic membrane to vibrate with different amplitude. The three auditory ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes) connecting the other side of the tympanic membrane are linked in a chain, and continue to transmit the sound wave to the oval window connected with the stapes, The lymphatic fluid in the window causes fluctuation and stimulates the basement membrane, an important structural membrane in the lymph, on the surface of which there are many sensory cells (capillaries), which are connected with many small endings of the auditory nerve. The stimulation signals generated by the sound are transmitted to the auditory center of the temporal part for analysis and processing. The human body responds to the sound it hears.

The simple process of balance function is as follows: each of the sacculus and the sacculus in the vestibule of bone has a saccule spot, which is also called a position sense spot. Their positions are perpendicular to each other to sense the change of acceleration from each plane when the human body changes in gravity. The crista ampullaris in the three semicircular canals, which are also perpendicular to each other, are responsible for the stimulation of the angular acceleration of the human body in any direction of space. However, there are mutual regulation and synergism among the three balance organs of the utricle, the balloon and the semicircular canal. They are all connected with vestibular nerve and transmit stimulation signals to vestibular nucleus group near the vestibular center brain stem.

Vestibular center has a wide range of connections with other nervous systems, such as cerebellum, oculomotor nucleus, motor center of limbs, autonomic nervous system, cerebral cortex, etc. Therefore, other systems may also cause corresponding reactions due to inappropriate vestibular stimulation, such as vertigo, nystagmus, toppling, imbalance and autonomic nerve reactions – nausea, vomiting, pale complexion, unstable blood pressure, etc.

In addition, human beings live on land, and the general activities are front and back, left and right, and up and down, while the air and water animals are up and down, front and back, left and right, rolling, pitching and rotating activities. Therefore, the vestibular function of fish and birds is much more developed than that of human beings. Relatively speaking, human daily activities care about more aspects, and the change of body position is neither big nor fast Therefore, the stimulation of vestibular organs is also limited compared with other animals living on land.

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